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This book is about the fundamentals of turbomachinery, the basic operation of pumps, aircraft engines, wind turbines, turbomachinery for power generation and hydro-electric machines. It compliments courses that you will be studying in these areas by concentrating on getting the basics right. Enormous emphasis is placed on relating the complex geometry of turbomachines to the fundamental analysis models used throughout the design of all turbomachinery. The simple techniques described in the book provide the basis for preliminary design of all turbomachinery and so mastering the concepts in this book provides a solid foundation for later study.
This book is based on an introductory turbomachinery course at Durham University. This course was taught by Dr David Gregory-Smith and Professor Li He over a number of years and I am extremely grateful to them for providing a clear and lucid set of principles on which to base this work.
My current colleagues at Durham Dr Rob Dominy and Dr David Sims-Williams have also provided invaluable help (even if they didn’t realise it!) in preparing this work.
The book is designed to help students over some important “Threshold Concepts” in educational jargon. A threshold concept is an idea that is hard to grasp but once the idea is understood transforms the student understanding and is very hard to go back across. Within turbomachinery my view is that understanding the cascade view, velocity triangles and reaction form three threshold concepts, perhaps minor ones compared to the much bigger ideas such as "reactive power" or "opportunity cost" that are also proposed but this view has significantly influenced the production of this book.
I’d therefore like to acknowledge Professor Eric Meyer for introducing me to the idea of threshold concepts.
Introduction
How this book will help you
Things you should already know
What is a Turbomachine?
A Simple Turbine
The Cascade View
The Meridional View
Assumptions used in the book
Problems
Relative and Absolute Motion
1D Motion
2D Motion
Velocity Triangles in Turbomachinery
Velocity Components
Problems
Simple Analysis of Wind Turbines
Aerofoil Operation and Testing
Wind Turbine Design
Turbine Power Control
Further Reading
Problems
Different Turbomachines and Their Operation
Axial Flow Machines
Radial and Centrifugal Flow Machines
Radial Impellers
Centrifugal Impellers
Hydraulic Turbines
Common Design Choices
The Turbomachine and System
Problems
Application of The Equations of Fluid Motion
Conservation of Mass
Conservation of Momentum
Conservation of Energy and Rothalpy
Problems
Efficiency and Reaction
Efficiency
Reaction
Reaction on the h - s Diagram
Problems
Dimensionless Parameters for Turbomachinery
Coefficients for Axial Machines
Coefficients for Wind Turbines
Coefficients for Hydraulic Machines
Problems
Axial Flow Machines
Reaction for Repeating Stage
Loading and Efficiency Variation with Reaction
Stage Efficiency
Choice of Reaction for Turbines
Compressor Design
Multistage Steam Turbine Example
Problems
Hydraulic Turbines
Pelton Wheel
Analysis Approach
Francis Turbine
Kaplan Turbine
Problems
Analysis of Pumps
Pump Diffuser Analysis
Pump Losses
Centrifugal Pump Example
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
Application to Real Pumps
Problems
Summary
Appendix A: Glossary of Turbomachinery Terms
Appendix B: Picture Credits
Author's websites
http://www.dur.ac.uk/g.l.ingram/
http://www.dur.ac.uk/ecs/engineering/staff/teachstaff/?id=2764
Grant Ingram graduated from Durham University in 1997 on the first cohort of the then brand new MEng degree. After two years in the electricity supply industry working on power stations large and small he returned to Durham to complete a PhD sponsored by Rolls-Royce. Technology developed in conjuction with his work is now flying around in aeroplanes around the world.
Following the successful conclusion of his PhD, Grant spent a year working at the Engineering Design Centre at Newcastle University before joining the School of Engineering as a lecturer in September 2005.
Since then he has worked on two key areas of research: 1. Making Turbomachinery more efficient and 2. Making renewable devices work better. Both of these activities are approached from a fluid dynamics background.
He won the PE Publishing Prize for the best paper published in the Journal of Power and Energy in 2008 and in 2009 published his first book which is available as a free download.